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obtained a prize

  • 1 obtained a prize

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > obtained a prize

  • 2 obtained a prize

    • 1) получил приз;
    2) полученный приз

    English-Russian sports dictionary > obtained a prize

  • 3 prize

    1. n награда, премия, приз
    2. n выигрыш
    3. n предмет желаний, вожделений
    4. n мор. приз; трофей; захваченное судно или имущество

    gained prize — выиграл приз; выигранный приз

    5. n мор. захват в качестве приза, трофея или добычи

    obtained a prize — получил приз; полученный приз

    taken a prize — получал приз; полученный приз

    6. a призовой; премированный

    prize essay — очерк, удостоенный премии

    7. a достойный премии, награды или выигрыша

    prize idiot — патентованный дурак; идиот каких мало

    8. a назначаемый в качестве премии или награды

    prize fellowship — стипендия, назначенная за отличные успехи

    9. v высоко ценить, оценивать
    10. v оценивать
    11. v мор. захватывать в качестве приза
    12. n диал. рычаг
    13. n усилие рычага
    14. v поднимать, передвигать или взламывать с помощью рычага
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. champion (adj.) champion; excellent; outstanding; superior
    2. award (noun) accolade; award; carrot; citation; dividend; endowment; guerdon; honor; honour; laurel; medal; meed; plum; premium; reward
    3. best (noun) best; choice; cream; elite; fat; flower; pick; pride; prime; primrose; top
    4. medallion (noun) medallion; ribbon; trophy
    5. pearl (noun) diamond; gem; jewel; pearl; treasure
    6. spoil (noun) boodle; booty; catch; haul; loot; pelf; pillage; plunder; plunderage; spoil; spoils; swag; take
    7. pry (verb) jimmy; lever; pry
    8. value (verb) appraise; appreciate; apprize; cherish; enjoy; esteem; relish; respect; savour; treasure; value
    Антонимический ряд:
    despise; failure; fine; forfeiture; infamy; loss; mulct; ordinary; penalty; sacrifice

    English-Russian base dictionary > prize

  • 4 prize

    obtained a prize — получил приз; полученный приз

    taken a prize — получал приз; полученный приз

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > prize

  • 5 obtained

    получил; полученный

    obtained a prize — получил приз; полученный приз

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > obtained

  • 6 obtained

    1. полученный; получен

    obtained a prize — получил приз; полученный приз

    2. получать; полученный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. completed (adj.) accomplished; achieved; brought about; completed; executed; fulfilled; performed; realized; satisfied
    2. got/got or gotten (verb) acquired; annexed; chalked up; come by; compassed; gained; got; got/got or gotten; had; landed; pick up; picked up; procured; pulled; secured; won

    English-Russian base dictionary > obtained

  • 7 obtain

    [əb'teɪn] 1.
    verbo transitivo ottenere [information, permission, degree, visa]; (for oneself) ottenere, procurarsi [money, goods]; acquistare, acquisire [ experience]; ottenere, conseguire [ prize]

    to obtain sth. for sb. — procurare qcs. a qcn.

    2.
    verbo intransitivo form. [ situation] perdurare; [ rule] essere in vigore
    * * *
    [əb'tein]
    (to get; to become the possessor of: He obtained a large sum of money by buying and selling houses.) ottenere
    * * *
    [əb'teɪn] 1.
    verbo transitivo ottenere [information, permission, degree, visa]; (for oneself) ottenere, procurarsi [money, goods]; acquistare, acquisire [ experience]; ottenere, conseguire [ prize]

    to obtain sth. for sb. — procurare qcs. a qcn.

    2.
    verbo intransitivo form. [ situation] perdurare; [ rule] essere in vigore

    English-Italian dictionary > obtain

  • 8 Townes, Charles Hard

    [br]
    b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA
    [br]
    American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.
    [br]
    Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.
    To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.
    In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.
    Bibliography
    Townes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, of
    Microwave Spectroscopy (1955).
    1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).
    1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    T.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Townes, Charles Hard

  • 9 obtain

    [əbʹteın] v
    1. 1) получать, доставать, приобретать

    to obtain a prize [a reward] - получать приз [вознаграждение]

    to obtain a commission - воен. получить (патент на) офицерское звание

    to obtain the ball off-side - спорт. принять мяч «вне игры»

    he obtained his knowledge through years of hard study - он добился своих знаний годами упорной работы

    2) добиваться, достигать

    to obtain a position [what one wants] - добиться положения [желаемого]

    to obtain the range - воен. определять /пристреливать/ дальность

    to obtain touch - воен. устанавливать связь

    we managed to obtain a favourable settlement - нам удалось добиться благоприятного решения

    2. быть признанным, существовать; быть распространённым, встречаться

    the custom still obtains in some districts - этот обычай ещё сохраняется в некоторых местах

    the morals that obtained in Rome - нравы, существовавшие в Риме

    НБАРС > obtain

  • 10 obtain

    A vtr obtenir [information, permission, degree, visa] ; ( for oneself) se procurer [money, goods] ; acquérir [experience] ; obtenir, remporter [prize] ; to obtain sth for sb procurer qch à qn ; this effect is obtained by mixing colours cet effet s'obtient par le mélange des couleurs ; this chemical is obtained from zinc on obtient ce produit chimique à partir du zinc ; our products may be obtained from any supermarket vous trouverez nos produits dans tous les supermarchés.
    B vi sout [practice, situation] être courant, avoir cours ; [rule] être de rigueur.

    Big English-French dictionary > obtain

  • 11 Kao, Charles Kuen

    [br]
    b. 4 November 1933 Shanghai, China
    [br]
    Chinese electrical engineer whose work on optical fibres did much to make optical communications a practical reality.
    [br]
    After the Second World War, Kao moved with his family to Hong Kong, where he went to St Joseph's College. To further his education he then moved to England, taking his "A" Levels at Woolwich Polytechnic. In 1957 he gained a BSc in electrical engineering and then joined Standard Telephones and Cables Laboratory (STL) at Harlow. Following the discovery by others in 1960 of the semiconductor laser, from 1963 Kao worked on the problems of optical communications, in particular that of achieving attenuation in optical cables low enough to make this potentially very high channel capacity form of communication a practical proposition; this problem was solved by suitable cladding of the fibres. In the process he obtained his PhD from University College, London, in 1965. From 1970 until 1974, whilst on leave from STL, he was Professor of Electronics and Department Chairman at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, then in 1982–7 he was Chief Scientist and Director of Engineering with the parent company ITT in the USA. Since 1988 he has been Vice-Chancellor of Hong Kong University.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1977. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1978; L.M.Ericsson Prize 1979. Institution of Electrical Engineers A.G.Bell Medal 1985; Faraday Medal 1989. American Physical Society International Prize for New Materials 1989.
    Bibliography
    1966, with G.A.Hockham, "Dielectric fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 113:1,151 (describes the major step in optical-fibre development).
    1982, Optical Fibre Systems. Technology, Design \& Application, New York: McGraw- Hill.
    1988, Optical Fibre, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    Further Reading
    W.B.Jones, 1988, Introduction to Optical Fibre Communications: R\&W Holt.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Kao, Charles Kuen

  • 12 Shockley, William Bradford

    [br]
    b. 13 February 1910 London, England
    d. 12 August 1989, Palo Alto, California, USA.
    [br]
    American physicist who developed the junction transistor from the point contact transistor and was joint winner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics.
    [br]
    The son of a mining engineer, Shockley graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 and in 1936 obtained his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories.
    Since the early days of radio, crystals of silicon or similar materials had been used to rectify alternating current supply until these were displaced by thermionic valves or tubes. Shockley, with Bardeen and Brattain, found that crystals of germanium containing traces of certain impurities formed far better rectifiers than crystals of the material in its pure form. The resulting device, the transistor, could also be used to amplify the current; its name is derived from its ability to transfer current across a resistor. The transistor, being so much smaller than the thermionic valve which it replaced, led to the miniaturization of electronic appliances. Another advantage was that a transistorized device needed no period of warming up, such as was necessary with a thermionic valve before it would operate. The dispersal of the heat generated by a multiplicity of thermionic valves such as were present in early computers was another problem obviated by the advent of the transistor.
    Shockley was responsible for much development in the field of semiconductors. He was Deputy Director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the US Department of Defense (1954–5), and in 1963 he was appointed the first Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science at Stanford University, California. During the late 1960s Shockley became a controversial figure for expressing his unorthodox views on genetics, such as that black people were inherently less intelligent than white people, and that the population explosion spread "bad" genes at the expense of "good" genes; he supported the idea of a sperm bank from Nobel Prize winners, voluntary sterilization and the restriction of interracial marriages.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1956.
    Further Reading
    I.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: Doubleday \& Co.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Shockley, William Bradford

  • 13 obtain

    obtain [əbˈteɪn]
    * * *
    [əb'teɪn] 1.
    transitive verb obtenir [information, permission, degree, visa, prize]; ( for oneself) se procurer [money, goods]; acquérir [experience]
    2.
    intransitive verb sout [situation] avoir cours; [rule] être de rigueur

    English-French dictionary > obtain

  • 14 Brattain, Walter Houser

    [br]
    b. 10 February 1902 Amoy, China (now Hsiamen)
    d. 13 October 1987 Seattle, Washington, USA
    [br]
    American physicist and co-inventor of the transistor.
    [br]
    Born of American parents in China, he was brought up on a cattle-ranch and graduated from Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington, in 1924. He then went to the University of Minnesota, where he obtained a PhD in 1929. The same year he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories as a research physicist and there, during the First World War, he worked on the magnetic detection of submarines. For his work on the invention and development of the transistor, he was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with John Bardeen and William Shockley. He retired in 1967. His interests have been concentrated on the properties of semiconductors such as germanium and silicon.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Bardeen and Shockley) 1956.
    Further Reading
    Isaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brattain, Walter Houser

  • 15 Fermi, Enrico

    [br]
    b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italy
    d. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    Italian nuclear physicist.
    [br]
    Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.
    Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.
    Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1938.
    Bibliography
    1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).
    Further Reading
    L.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).
    E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Fermi, Enrico

  • 16 Monro, Philip Peter

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 27 May 1946 London, England
    [br]
    English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.
    [br]
    Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.
    Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.
    With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.
    HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Monro, Philip Peter

  • 17 Muller, Paul Hermann

    [br]
    b. 12 January 1899 Olten, Solothurn, Switzerland
    d. 13 October 1965 Basle, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss chemist, inventor of the insecticide DDT.
    [br]
    Muller was educated in Basle and his interest in chemistry was stimulated when he started work as a laboratory assistant in the chemical factory of Dreyfus \& Co. After further laboratory work, he entered the University of Basle in 1919, achieving his doctorate in 1925. The same year, he entered the dye works of J.R.Geigy AG as a research chemist. He spent the rest of his career there, rising to the position of Deputy Head of Pest Control Research. From 1935 he began the search for an insecticide that was fast acting and persistent, but harmless to plants and warmblooded animals. In 1940 he patented the use of a compound known since 1873, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, or DDT. It could be easily and cheaply manufactured and was highly effective. Muller obtained a Swiss patent for DDT in 1940 and it went into commercial production two years later. One useful application of DDT at the end of the Second World War was in killing lice to prevent typhus epidemics. It was widely used and an important factor in farmers' postwar success in raising food production, but after twenty years or so, some species of insects were found to have developed resistance to its action, thus limiting its effectiveness. Worse, it was found to be harmful to other animals, which gave rise to anxieties about its persistence in the food chain. By the 1970s its use was banned or strictly limited in developed countries. Nevertheless, in its earlier career it had conferred undoubted benefits and was highly valued, as reflected by the award of a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1948.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 1948.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1965, Nature 208:1,043–4.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Muller, Paul Hermann

  • 18 Oberth, Hermann Julius

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 25 June 1894 Nagyszeben, Transylvania (now Sibiu, Romania)
    d. 29 December 1989 Nuremberg, Germany
    [br]
    Austro-Hungarian lecturer who is usually regarded, with Robert Goddard, as one of the "fathers" of modern astronautics.
    [br]
    The son of a physician, Oberth originally studied medicine in Munich, but his education was interrupted by the First World War and service in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Wounded, he passed the time by studying astronautics. He apparently simulated weightlessness and worked out the design for a long-range liquid-propelled rocket, but his ideas were rejected by the War Office; after the war he submitted them as a dissertation for a PhD at Heidelberg University, but this was also rejected. Consequently, in 1923, whilst still an unknown mathematics teacher, he published his ideas at his own expense in the book The Rocket into Interplanetary Space. These included a description of how rockets could achieve a sufficient velocity to escape the gravitational field of the earth. As a result he gained international prestige almost overnight and learned of the work of Robert Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. After correspondence with the Goddard and Tsiolkovsky, Oberth published a further work in 1929, The Road to Space Travel, in which he acknowledged the priority of Goddard's and Tsiolkovski's calculations relating to space travel; he went on to anticipate by more than thirty years the development of electric and ionic propulsion and to propose the use of giant mirrors to control the weather. For this he was awarded the annual Hirsch Prize of 10,000 francs. From 1925 to 1938 he taught at a college in Mediasch, Transylvania, where he carried out experiments with petroleum and liquid-air rockets. He then obtained a lecturing post at Vienna Technical University, moving two years later to Dresden University and becoming a German citizen. In 1941 he became assistant to the German rocket engineer Werner von Braun at the rocket development centre at Peenemünde, and in 1943 he began work on solid propellants. After the Second World War he spent a year in Switzerland as a consultant, then in 1950 he moved to Italy to develop solid-propellant anti-aircraft rockets for the Italian Navy. Five years later he moved to the USA to carry out advanced rocket research for the US Army at Huntsville, Alabama, and in 1958 he retired to Feucht, near Nuremberg, Germany, where he wrote his autobiography.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    French Astronautical Society REP-Hirsch Prize 1929. German Society for Space Research Medal 1950. Diesel German Inventors Medal 1954. American Astronautical Society Award 1955. German Federal Republic Award 1961. Institute of Aviation and Astronautics Medal 1969.
    Bibliography
    1923, Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen; repub. 1934 as The Rocket into Interplanetary Space (autobiography).
    1929, Wege zur Raumschiffahrt [Road to Space Travel].
    1959, Stoff und Leben [Material and Life].
    Further Reading
    R.Spangenburg and D.Moser, 1990, Space People from A to Z, New York: Facts on File. H.Wulforst, 1991, The Rocketmakers: The Dreamers who made Spaceflight a Reality, New York: Crown Publishers.
    KF / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Oberth, Hermann Julius

  • 19 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

    [br]
    b. 27 March 1845 Lennep, Prussia (now Remscheid, Germany)
    d. 10 February 1923 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German physicist who discovered X-rays.
    [br]
    Expelled from school and so unable to attend university, Röntgen studied engineering at Zurich Polytechnic. After graduation he obtained a post as assistant to the distinguished German physicist Kundt and eventually secured an appointment at the University of Würzburg in Bavaria. He was successively Professor of Physics at the universities of Strasbourg (1876), Giessen (1879), Würzburg (1888) and Munich (1900–20), but he died in abject poverty. At various times he studied piezo-electricity; heat absorption by and the specific heat of gases; heat conduction in crystals; elasticity; and the capillary action of fluids. In 1895, whilst experimenting with the Crookes tube, a partially evacuated tube invented some seven years earlier, he observed that when a high voltage was applied across the tube, a nearby piece of barium platinocyanide produced light. He theorized that when the so-called cathode rays produced by the tube (electrons, as we now know) struck the glass wall, some unknown radiation occurred that was able to penetrate light materials and affect photographic plates. These he called X-rays (they also became known as Röntgen rays), but he believed (erroneously) that they bore no relation to light rays. For this important discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics, but, sadly, he died in abject poverty during the hyperinflation of the 1920s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    First Nobel Prize for Physics 1901.
    Bibliography
    1895, "A new kind of radiation", Meeting of the Würzburg Physical-Medical Society (December) (reported Röntgen's discovery of X-rays).
    Further Reading
    O.Glasser, 1945, Dr. W.C.Röntgen (biography).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

  • 20 Wheatstone, Sir Charles

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 1802 near Gloucester, England
    d. 19 October 1875 Paris, France
    [br]
    English physicist, pioneer of electric telegraphy.
    [br]
    Wheatstone's family moved to London when he was 4 years old. He was educated at various schools in London and excelled in physics and mathematics. He qualified for a French prize but forfeited it because he was too shy to recite a speech in French at the prize-giving.
    An uncle, also called Charles Wheatstone, has a musical instrument manufacturing business where young Charles went to work. He was fascinated by the science of music, but did not enjoy business life. After the uncle's death, Charles and his brother William took over the business. Charles developed and patented the concertina, which the firm assembled from parts made by "outworkers". He devoted much of his time to studying the physics of sound and mechanism of sound transmission through solids. He sent speech and music over considerable distances through solid rods and stretched wires, and envisaged communication at a distance. He concluded, however, that electrical methods were more promising.
    In 1834 Wheatstone was appointed Professor of Experimental Philosophy—a part-time posi-tion—in the new King's College, London, which gave him some research facilities. He conducted experiments with a telegraph system using several miles of wire in the college corridors. Jointly with William Fothergill Cooke, in 1837 he obtained the first patent for a practical electric telegraph, and much of the remainder of his life was devoted to its improvement. In 1843 he gave a paper to the Royal Society surveying the state of electrical measurements and drew attention to a bridge circuit known ever since as the "Wheatstone bridge", although he clearly attributed it to S.H.Christie. Wheatstone devised the "ABC" telegraph, for use on private lines by anyone who could read, and a high-speed automatic telegraph which was adopted by the Post Office and used for many years. He also worked on the French and Belgian telegraph systems; he died when taken ill on a business visit to Paris.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    B.Bowers, 1975, Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS, London: HMSO.
    BB

    Biographical history of technology > Wheatstone, Sir Charles

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  • Prize (law) — Prize is a term used in admiralty law to refer to equipment, vehicles, and vessels captured during armed conflict. The most common use of prize in this sense is the capture of an enemy ship and its cargo. In the past, it was common that the… …   Wikipedia

  • prize money — noun any money given as a prize (Freq. 1) • Hypernyms: ↑prize, ↑award * * * noun 1. a. : a part of the proceeds of a captured ship or other property taken as a prize that was formerly divided among the officers and men of the ship making the… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Obtained — Obtain Ob*tain , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Obtained}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Obtaining}.] [F. obtenir, L. obtinere; ob (see {Ob }) + tenere to hold. See {Tenable}.] [1913 Webster] 1. To hold; to keep; to possess. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] His mother, then, is… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • prize money — n. money won or given as a prize; money obtained through the sale of plunder …   English contemporary dictionary

  • prize — praɪz n. award, reward, trophy, item won in a competition; booty, loot, plunder; acquisition, property that has been obtained from others v. appreciate, esteem, respect, hold in high regard; estimate value, appraise, assess worth adj. valuable,… …   English contemporary dictionary

  • Gdynia Literary Prize — Grand Gala GLP A.D. 2007 Prize winners GLP A.D. 2008 during Grand Gala (from left: Adam Wiedemann, Piotr Marec …   Wikipedia

  • Nobel Prize — The Nobel Prize …   Wikipedia

  • Turner Prize — The Turner Prize, named after the painter J.M.W. Turner, is an annual prize presented to a British visual artist under 50. It is organized by the Tate gallery and staged at Tate Britain. Since its beginnings in 1984 it has become the United… …   Wikipedia

  • Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards — The Pulitzer Prize jury has the option of awarding special citations where they consider necessary.Journalism awards* 1924: A special prize of $1000 was awarded to the widow of Frank I. Cobb, New York World , in recognition of the distinction of… …   Wikipedia

  • 1955 Pulitzer Prize — The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1955. Journalism Awards *Public Service: **The Columbus Ledger and Sunday Ledger Enquirer , for its complete news coverage and fearless editorial attack on widespread corruption in neighboring Phenix City …   Wikipedia

  • 1951 Pulitzer Prize — The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1951.Journalism Awards*Public Service: ** The Miami Herald and the Brooklyn Eagle , for their crime reporting during the year. *Local Reporting: ** Edward S. Montgomery of the San Francisco Examiner , for …   Wikipedia

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